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120 W. Va. L. Rev. 1 (2017-2018)
Catholic Institutions in Court: The Religion Clauses and Political-Legal Compromise

handle is hein.journals/wvb120 and id is 11 raw text is: CATHOLIC INSTITUTIONS IN COURT: THE RELIGION CLAUSES AND POLITICAL-LEGAL COMPROMISE Angela C. Carmella* I. INTRODUCTION ............................................ 2 II. THE POLITICAL-LEGAL COMPROMISE ON ESTABLISHMENT CLAUSE JURISPRUDENCE: FREEDOM, AUTONOMY, AND LIMITED AID TO CATHOLIC EDUCATION ............. ................. 11 A. Nineteenth to Early Twentieth Century: Institutional Growth and Constraint ...................... .......... 11 B. The Modern Period and Limited Aid to Parochial Schools.... 17 1. Everson: Rejecting Non-Preferential Aid to Religious Schools................................... 17 2. The Lemon Test: Restricting Aid to Protect Church Autonomy ................................. 21 C. School Choice and Its Limitations .............. ..... 23 III. THE POLITICAL-LEGAL COMPROMISE ON CHURCH AUTONOMY JURISPRUDENCE: CHURCHES AND SCHOOLS, 1970S TO PRESENT ............................. 29 A. The Autonomy Doctrine in Employment: Shared Mission and Morals..................................... 32 B. Rejecting Autonomy in Sex Abuse Cases ............... 43 IV. THE POLITICAL-LEGAL COMPROMISE ON FREE EXERCISE EXEMPTION JURISPRUDENCE: CATHOLIC NONPROFITS AND THE CULTURE WARS, 1970s TO PRESENT . ............ 55 A. Lobbying .................................... 56 B. Legislative and Judicial Exemptions from Participation in Problematic Activities .......... ................. 62 1. Abortion, Sterilization, Contraception ...... ........ 67 2. Transgender Issues........................ 74 3. Endorsement of Same-Sex Marriage .. ...............76 4. Exemptions and Public Funding ....... ........... 79 * C Angela Carmella 2017. The Author would like to thank Tom Berg, Dean Kathleen Boozang, Dr. Philip J. Boyle, Kathleen Brady, Linda Fisher, Reverend Nicholas S. Gengaro, Iris Goodwin, Leslie Griffin, Paul Hauge, and Catherine M. A. Mc Cauliff for valuable comments and criticisms on earlier drafts, and Christopher Capitanelli and Patrick Parrish for research assistance. The Author gratefully acknowledges the support of Seton Hall University and Seton Hall Law School for the 2016-17 sabbatical and scholarship support. 1