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42 Va. J. Int'l L. 757 (2001-2002)
Treaties, Self-Execution, and the Public Law Litigation Model

handle is hein.journals/vajint42 and id is 767 raw text is: Treaties, Self-Execution, and the Public Law Litigation Model ANN WOOLHANDLER* TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ........................................................................................... 757 I. Justiciability in Constitutional and Treaty Cases ........................ 761 A. Non-Self-Execution, Standing, and Political Questions D efined ................................................................................. 76 1 B. The Private Law Model of Litigating Constitutional and T reaty Issues ......................................................................... 762 II. The Scope of Enforceable Private Rights ................................... 772 III. Public Law Litigation and Foreign Affairs ................................. 779 A. Expanded Justiciability in the Domestic Sphere .................. 779 B. The Problematic Attempt to Extend the Public Law Model to Foreign Affairs and Foreign Government Suits ... 781 1. Governmental and Individual Attempts to Litigate the Broad Nation-to-Nation Obligations of Treaties ...... 782 2. Government Attempts to Enforce Rights Belonging to Individuals .................................................................. 785 C onclusion ............................................................................................. 788 INTRODUCTION Modem debates over treaty justiciability follow the general lines of division in the international law scholarly community. On one side are ranged those favoring broad federal judicial enforceability of international law and treaty norms, and recognition of federal power to enter treaties exceeding Congress's domestic legislative powers.' On the * The author would like to thank Ann Althouse, Curtis Bradley, Michael Collins, Caleb Nelson, George Rutherglen, and David Sloss for their comments. 1. See, e.g., LOUIS HENKIN, FOREIGN AFFAIRS, AND THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION 190 (2d ed. 1996) [hereinafter HENKIN, FOREIGN AFFAIRS] (arguing against federalism limitations on the treaty power); Louis Henkin, International Law as Law in the United States, 82 MICH. L: