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32 U.S.F. Mar. L.J. 107 (2019-2020)
The Turkish Legislation Governing Freight Forwarders vs. United States Legislation Governing Ocean Transport Intermediaries (OTIs): Differences, Odds and Pros

handle is hein.journals/usfm32 and id is 127 raw text is: THE TURKISH LEGISLATION GOVERNING FREIGHT FORWARDERS VS. UNITED STATES LEGISLATION GOVERNING OCEAN TRANSPORT INTERMEDIARIES (OTIs): DIFFERENCES, ODDS AND PROS BY NIL KULA* IINTRODUCTION .........................................108 II.FEATURES OF THE FREIGHT FORWARDING AND OTI SYSTEMS ADOPTED IN TURKEY AND IN THE UNITED STATES.........111 A. Freight Forwarders in Turkey.. ................... 112 1. Direct and Indirect Representation ................113 2. Freight Forwarders under TCC .................. 114 3. Freight Forwarders under ROTW ................117 a. License Requirements ................. ..... 118 b. Professional Competence.. ......................... 120 c. Financial Responsibility Requirements..... ..... 120 B. OTIs in US ....................................121 1. OFFs in the United States......................125 2. NVOCCs in the United States ........... ........127 a. Historical Background..................... 129 b. NVO Service Agreements and TariffRequirements.... 130 c. Cargo Consolidation. .................. ..... 132 d. Contractual Carrier.................. ...... 133 e. Issuing Bill ofLading and Undertaking Liability...... 133 f Duty to Exercise Due Diligence to Make a Ship Seaworthy.......................... 136 g. Agency of the Cargo Owner?............ ..... 136 *Fulbright Visiting Scholar, University of San Francisco, School of Law; Assoc. Prof. Dr., Dokuz Eylul University, Maritime Faculty, Department of Maritime Business Administration. This paper is an outcome of a Visiting Scholar Program research conducted in University of San Francisco, School of Law which has been supported by the Turkish Fulbright Commission in 2019.