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48 Stan. J. Int'l L. 209 (2012)
New Cyber Face of Battle: Developing a Legal Approach to Accommodate Emerging Trends in Warfare

handle is hein.journals/stanit48 and id is 213 raw text is: THE NEW CYBER FACE OF BATTLE: DEVELOPING A LEGAL APPROACH TO ACCOMMODATE EMERGING TRENDS IN WARFARE STEPHENIE GOSNELL HANDLER* 1. INTRODUCTION .........................................................209 A. What's in a Name? .................................... .....211 B. Legal Paradigms for Operations in Cyberspace .......... ..........212 C. The Attribution Problem ........................... ......213 II. CYBERATTACKS AS COMBAT ENABLERS AND PART OF A COMBINED ARMS CAMPAIGN. ......................................................215 A. Cyberattacks and the Law of War: Jus ad Bellum ..................217 B. Cyberattacks and the Law of War: Jus in Bello .............. .......219 C. Cyberattacks as a Combat Enabler and Part of a Combined Arms Operation .....................................................221 D. 2007 Israeli Raid on Syrian Nuclear Reactor..........................222 E. Russian-Georgian War of 2008 .........................................224 III. MODIFIED-EFFECTS: A THRESHOLD TEST FOR CYBERATTACKS WITH NON- KINETIC EFFECTS ...................................... ...........225 A. When is an Offensive Cyberspace Operation a Cyberattack? A Discussion of Leading Tests..............................226 B. Modified Effects-Based Approach ...........................230 C. Using the Modified Effects-Based Approach to Analyze the Russian- Georgian War of 2008 ..................................233 IV.CONCLUSION ............................................... .....236 1. INTRODUCTION The Russian-Georgian War of 2008 marked an important evolution in the J.D., Stanford Law School, 2011; M.A., Georgetown University, 2001; B.S., United States Naval Academy, 2001. The author served as an active duty officer in the United States Marine Corps for seven years. 209 48 STAN. J. INT'L L. 209 (2012)