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90 Nw. U. L. Rev. 387 (1995-1996)
Miranda's Social Costs: An Empirical Reassessment

handle is hein.journals/illlr90 and id is 405 raw text is: Copyright 1996 by Northwestern University, School of Law Printed in U.S.A. Northwestern University Law Review VoL 90, No. 2 ARTICLES MIRANDA'S SOCIAL COSTS: AN EMPIRICAL REASSESSMENT Paul G. Cassell* I. TBE METHODOLOGY OF CALCULATING MIRANDA'S COSTS .................................................... 391 A. The Wrong Analysis-Suppression Rates ............ 391 B. The Right Analysis-Lost Confessions ............... 394 II. THE EMIIP CAL EVIDENCE ON MIRANDA AND CONFEssIONs ............................................. 394 A. Studies on the Drop in the Confession Rate ......... 395 1. Before-and-After Studies ........................ 395 (a) The Pittsburgh Study ....................... 396 (b) The New York County Study .............. 399 (c) The Philadelphia Study ..................... 402 (d) The Seaside City Study .................. 405 (e) The New Haven Study ..................... 406 (f) The Washington, D.C. Study ............... 409 (g) The New Orleans Study .................... 412 (h) The Kansas City Study ..................... 413 (i) The Kings County Study ................... 413 (j) The Chicago Homicide Study .............. 414 (k) The Los Angeles Study .................... 414 (1) Summary of the Before-and-After Studies. 416 2. International Comparisons ....................... 418 (a) Britain ..................................... 419 (b) Canada ..................................... 421 B. Studies on the Necessity for Confessions ............. 422 1. The Pittsburgh Study ............................ 424 2. The New York County Study .................... 425 3. The Los Angeles Study .......................... 425 4. The New Haven Study .......................... 426 * Associate Professor, University of Utah College of Law. Dean Lee Teitelbaum, Ahkil Reed Amar, Craig Bradley, Kingsley Browne, Lionel Frankel, Joseph Grano, Richard Leo, Wi- liam Pizzi, William Stuntz, Gordon Van Kessel, and Welsh White provided helpful comments on an earlier draft. I gratefully acknowledge the support of the University Research Committee and the College of Law Faculty Development Committee, and of the research librarians and their assistants at the College of Law, who patiently tracked down various obscure references.