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135 Harv. L. Rev. 585 (2021-2022)
Structural Deregulation

handle is hein.journals/hlr135 and id is 597 raw text is: STRUCTURAL DEREGULATION Jody Freeman & Sharon Jacobs CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................587 I. 50 WAYS TO KILL AN AGENCY .............................................................................................591 A. Staffing...............................................................................................................................594 i. Line-Level Staffing......................................................................................................595 2. O fficers..........................................................................................................................6oo (a) Acting Officials .....................................................................................................6o1 (b) Commission Vacancies ........................................................................................603 3. Structural Changes to Staffing Mechanisms ...........................................................6o6 B. Other Resources ...............................................................................................................6og C. Agency Expertise..............................................................................................................615 D. Reputation........................................................................................................................620 E. Distinguishing Structural Deregulation from Good Governance...............................623 II. IMPLICATIONS FOR CONSTITUTIONAL, ADMINISTRATIVE, AND DEMOCRATIC VALUES...............................................................................................627 A. Tensions with the Separation of Powers .......................................................................631 B. Tensions with Administrative Law Values....................................................................634 C. Tensions with Democratic Values...................................................................................635 D. Responding to Critics......................................................................................................637 III. PUBLIC LAW RESPONSES TO STRUCTURAL DEREGULATION ..................................638 A. The Constitutional Blind Spot .......................................................................................638 B. Statutory Constraints on Structural Deregulation......................................................641 i. Substantive Statutes....................................................................................................642 2. Non-APA Procedural Statutes...................................................................................644 (a) Civil Service Protections ....................................................................................644 (b) The Federal Vacancies Reform Act....................................................................646 (c) The Impoundment Control Act of 1974.............................................................647 C. The Administrative Law Blind Spot..............................................................................648 i. Presidential Action ......................................................................................................649 2. Excluding Managerial Decisions from Public Participation and Disclosure ...65o 3. Judicial Review of Inaction and Delay ....................................................................651 IV. EXECUTIVE AND CONGRESSIONAL REMEDIES............................................................652 A. Short-Term Rebuilding ....................................................................................................653 B. Longer-Term Measures to Fortify Agency Capacity ....................................................656 i. Limiting Ex Ante the President's Discretion to Manage.......................................657 2. Stronger Oversight Ex Post .......................................................................................661 3. Administrative Law Remedies ..................................................................................663 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................664 585