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31 Harv. J. L. & Tech. 889 (2017-2018)
The Artificial Intelligence Black Box and the Failure of Intent and Causation

handle is hein.journals/hjlt31 and id is 907 raw text is: Harvard Journal of Law & Technology Volume 31, Number 2 Spring 2018 THE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE BLACK BOX AND THE FAILURE OF INTENT AND CAUSATION Yavar Bathaee* TABLE OF CONTENTS I. IN TR O D U CTIO N .............................................................................. 890 II. Al, MACHINE-LEARNING ALGORITHMS, AND THE CAUSES OF THE BLACK Box PROBLEM ...................................................... 897 A. What Is Artificial Intelligence? ................................................ 898 B. How Do Machine-Learning Algorithms Work? ....................... 899 C. Two Machine-Learning Algorithms Widely Used in Al and the Black Box Problem ................................................... 901 1. Deep Neural Networks and Complexity ................................ 901 2. Support Vector Machines and Dimensionality ...................... 903 D. Weak and Strong Black Boxes ................................................. 905 III. THE BLACK Box PROBLEM AND THE FAILURE OF INTENT ..... 906 A. Non-AIAlgorithms and Early Cracks in Intent ........................ 908 B . A l and Effect Intent .................................................................. 911 C. Al-Assisted Opinions and Basis Intent ..................................... 914 D . Al and Gatekeeping Intent ....................................................... 919 IV. THE FAILURE OF CAUSATION ..................................................... 922 A. Conduct-Regulating Causation ................................................ 923 B. Conduct-N exus Causation ........................................................ 925 1. R elian ce ................................................................................. 9 2 5 2. A rticle III Standing ................................................................ 927 V. THE PROBLEMS WITH TRANSPARENCY STANDARDS AND STRICT L IA B IL ITY ......................................................................... 928 A . Transparency Regulation ......................................................... 929 1. Transparency Is a Technological Problem ............................ 929 2. Regulatory Influence Over Design ........................................ 930 3 . B af if ers to E ntry .................................................................... 930 B . S trict L iability .......................................................................... 93 1 VI. A SUPERVISION-TRANSPARENCY APPROACH ............................. 932 A . The Supervised C ase ................................................................ 933 B . The A utonom ous C ase .............................................................. 934 * Associate, Sullivan & Cromwell LLP. J.D., Fordham University School of Law; B.S., Computer Science and Engineering, University of California Davis. For Audrey and Elliot. With immense gratitude to my wife Jacqueline for her support and help with this article. Opinions expressed in this article are my own.