Using Section 24(1) Charter Damages to Remedy Racial Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System 22 Appeal: Review of Current Law and Law Reform 2017

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22 Appeal: Rev. Current L. & L. Reform 71 (2017)
Using Section 24(1) Charter Damages to Remedy Racial Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System

handle is hein.journals/appeal22 and id is 79 raw text is:
APPEAL VOLUME 22 a 71 <

ARTICLE

USING SECTION 24(1) CHARTER DAMAGES

TO REMEDY RACIAL DISCRIMINATION IN

THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

Gabriella Jamieson*

CITED: (2017) 22 Appeal 71

INTRODUCTION. ............................................72
I. RACIAL DISCRIMINATION: A REAL ISSUE THAT NEEDS TO
BE REMEDIED. ............................................ 73
A. The Nature of Racial Discrimination ............................ 73
B. The Extent of the Problem....... ............................. 74
i. The Royal Commission on the Donald Marshall Jr. Prosecution ......... 74
ii. Recent Manifestations and Charter Violations .................... 75
II. A RIGHT, NO MATTER HOW EXPANSIVE IN THEORY, IS ONLY AS
MEANINGFUL AS THE REMEDY PROVIDED FOR ITS BREACH .... .76
A. Charter Damages: What Are They and Can They Remedy the Harm? ....... 76
B. Charter Damages Are Not a Panacea ............................. 78
III. WARD AND THE TEST FOR CHARTER DAMAGES.................. 79
A. Introduction: Ward through the Courts ........................... 79
B. The WardTest ............................................79
C. Post- Ward: Henry . ......................................... 81
IV. THE CURRENT WARD TEST, APPLIED TO RACIAL DISCRIMINATION 82
A. Step One: Establishing a Charter Breach .......................... 82
i. Which Rights Ground Charter damages? .......................... 82
ii. What Proof is Required? .................................. 84
iii. A Shifting Burden in the Future? ............................. 85
iv. Other Challenges in Proving a Charter Breach Through Discrimination . . 86
B. Step Two: The Functional Justification of Damages ................... 86
i. Compensation . ......................................... 87
ii. Vindication ........................................... 87
iii. Deterrence .. .......................................... 88
C. Step Three: Countervailing Factors. ............................. 88
i. Alternative Remedies . ................................... 89
ii. Good Governance Concerns in Ward......................... 90
iii. Good Governance Concerns since Ward: Chilling Effects and
. Tort Comparisons ...................................... 90
iv. The Impact on Racial Discrimination Claims.................... 93
D. STEP FOUR: QUANTUM OF DAMAGES ........................ 94
CONCLUSION ...............................................95