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62 Am. Crim. L. Rev. 897 (2025)
Obstruction of Justice

handle is hein.journals/amcrimlr62 and id is 906 raw text is: OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICE I. INTRODUCTION ....................................... 898 II. SECTION 1503 (THE OMNIBUS CLAUSE) AND SIMILAR STATUTES .... 899 A. Scope of§ 1503 ............. .................................. . 900 B. Elements of a § 1503 Offense ........................ 900 1. Pending Federal Judicial Proceedings ............... 901 2. Knowledge of Pending Proceeding ................. 901 3. Corrupt Intent to Obstruct or Endeavor to Interfere ..... 902 C. Acts Prosecuted Under the Omnibus Clause ............. 903 1. Concealment, Alteration, or Destruction of Documents .. 904 2. Encouraging or Rendering False or Misleading Testimony 905 D. Venue for Prosecution Under § 1503 ................... 906 E. Defenses to § 1503 ............................... 907 F. Penalties Under § 1503 ............................ 908 G. United States Sentencing Guidelines: Obstruction of Justice .. 908 H. Similar Statutes to the Omnibus Provision: Violations and P enalties . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 909 1. Section 1505: The Agency Provision ............... 909 2. Section 1510: Obstructing Investigations ............. 911 3. Section 1518: Obstruction of Criminal Investigations of Health Care Offenses .......................... 914 III. W ITNESS TAMPERING .................................. . 914 A. Scope of §§ 1512 and 1513 .......................... 915 B. Elements of a § 1512(b) Offense ...................... 916 1. Knowingly ................................. 917 2. Engaged in Enumerated Acts ..................... 917 a. Intimidation, Physical Force, or Threats ......... 918 b. Misleading Conduct ....................... 918 c. Corrupt Persuasion ........................ 918 3. Intent to Influence Testimony ..................... 919 4. Official Proceeding ............................ 919 5. Intent to Impede Communications ................. 920 6. Reasonable Likelihood Standard ................. 920 C. Elements of a § 1513(b) Offense ...................... 920 1. Engaging in Enumerated Conduct .................. 920 2. Knowingly ................................. 921 3. Government Officials .......................... 921 D. Other Acts Prosecuted Under § 1512 ................... 921 E. Venue Under §§ 1512 and 1513 ....................... 922 F. Defenses ...................................... 923 897