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17 Tul. J. Int'l & Comp. L. 113 (2008-2009)
Hate Speech as a War Crime: Public and Direct Incitement to Genocide in International Law

handle is hein.journals/tulicl17 and id is 115 raw text is: Hate Speech as a War Crime: Public and Direct Incitement to Genocide in International Law Christopher Scott Maravilla* I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 113 II. INTERNATIONAL TREATIES ................................................................ 115 A. The International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg: S treicher .................................................................................. 117 B. The International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg Fri tzsch e .................................................................................. 119 C European Court of Human Rights: Jersild v. Denmark ....... 121 D United States Supreme Court. Virginia v. Black .................. 122 III. THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR RWANDA ............... 126 A. Historical Background ........................................................... 126 B. Prosecutor v. Akayesu ............................................................. 127 C Prosecutor v. N ahim ana .......................................................... 129 1. Factual Background ........................................................ 129 2. R T L M ............................................................................. 137 3. H olding ........................................................................... 140 IV INTENT A NALYSIS ............................................................................. 142 V C ONCLU SION ................................................................................... 144 I. INTRODUCTION Hate speech as a war crime first arose before the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg with regard to Nazi propaganda advocating the final solution.' The Tribunal described the Nazi's systematic use of propaganda and hate speech as a form of poison ... injected into the minds of the German people In recent years, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) has addressed the * © 2008 Christopher Scott Maravilla. Attorney, Washington, D.C.; clerk to Justice Dale Wainwright, Supreme Court of Texas 2003-04; clerk to Judge Roger Andewelt, U.S. Court of Federal Claims, 2000-01. 1. OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES CHIEF OF COUNSEL FOR PROSECUTION OF AXIS CRIMINALrrY, NAzI CONSPIRACY AND AGGRESSION 130 (Roger W Barrett & William E. Jackson eds., GPO 1947) [hereinafter NAZI CONSPIRACY AND AGGRESSION]. 2. Id