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7 How. Hum. & Civ. Rts. L. Rev. 93 (2022-2023)
From Prison to Polls: America's Disenfranchisement of the Black Vote through Juvenile Incarceration

handle is hein.journals/howumcvr7 and id is 103 raw text is: From Prison to Polls: America's Disenfranchisement of the Black Vote Through Juvenile Incarceration RADARIUS MORROW TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ................................................ 94 I. REVISING THE SOCIAL CONTRACT ...................... 96 II. FELONY DISENFRANCHISEMENT ......................... 97 A. Origins of Disenfranchisement ...................... 98 B. U.S. Evolution of Disenfranchisement: Targeting the Black Vote .......................................... 98 III. KIDS IN COURT: THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM ....... 101 A. Juvenile and Criminal Court Transfer System ....... 102 B. Transfer Laws: The Young, Black, and Incarcerated......................................... 103 IV. CONSTITUTIONAL SOLUTIONS TO LAWS IMPEDING JUVENILE VOTER RE-ENFRANCHISEMENT ............... 105 A. Fourteenth Amendment: Equal Protection Clause ... 105 1. Juvenile Disenfranchisement Under Equal Protection Clause ............................... 106 B. Equal Protection: Fines, Fees, and Poll Taxes ....... 109 1. Paying the Debt: The Lack of Employment Opportunities for Former Juvenile Felons ...... 111 C. Eighth Amendment: Cruel and Unusual Punishment ......................................... 112 1. The Graham Prospective ....................... 114 2. Applying the Social Contract to the Miller Standard ........................................ 115 V. VOTING EXCEPTIONS FOR JUVENILES CONVICTED OF A FELONY ................................................ 116 VI. CONCLUSION ........................................... 117 2022 Vol. 7 No. 1 93