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34 Am. U. Int'l L. Rev. 143 (2018-2019)
The Human Right to Environment in the 21st Century: A Case for Its Recognition and Comments on the Systemic Barriers It Encounters

handle is hein.journals/amuilr34 and id is 157 raw text is: THE HUMAN RIGHT TO ENVIRONMENT IN THE 21ST CENTURY: A CASE FOR ITS RECOGNITION AND COMMENTS ON THE SYSTEMIC BARRIERS IT ENCOUNTERS LuIs E. RODR!GUEZ-RIVERA* I. IN TR O D U C TIO N ............................................................. 144 II. INITIAL CODIFICATION OF BINDING HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE ADVENT OF MODERN INTERNATIONAL LAW ................................................. 152 III. HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE ENVIRONMENT ............ 156 IV. DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN RIGHT TO ENVIRONMENT: FIFTY YEARS OF RECOGNITION 163 A. AUTONOMOUS RIGHT TO ENVIRONMENT ...................... 166 1. International L evel ................................................. 166 2. R egional L evel ....................................................... 178 3. N ational L evel ....................................................... 182 B. DERIVATIVE RIGHT TO ENVIRONMENT ......................... 183 1. International L evel ................................................. 183 2. R egional L evel ....................................................... 184 3. N ational L evel ....................................................... 188 C. PROCEDURAL ENVIRONMENTAL RIGHTS ...................... 189 1. International L evel ................................................. 190 2. R egional L evel ....................................................... 193 V. CONTINUED SKEPTICISM DESPITE OVERWHELMING EVIDENCE OF THE CRYSTALLIZATION OF THE HUMAN RIGHT TO EN V IR ON M EN T .............................................................. 194 VI. OVERCOMING THE SYSTEMIC BARRIERS * Professor of Environmental and International Law, University of Puerto Rico School of Law. LL.M., University of Cambridge 1998; J.D., Harvard Law School 1987; B.A., Yale University 1984.