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40 U. Haw. L. Rev. 141 (2017-2018)
How Much Is Police Brutality Costing America

handle is hein.journals/uhawlr40 and id is 149 raw text is: How Much is Police Brutality Costing America? Eleanor Lumsden* INTRODUCTION............................................142 I. A BRIEF HISTORY OF POLICING..........................145 II. FEDERAL LAW ..................... ...................155 A. The United States Constitution...........................155 B. Federal Statutory Law ......................... .............158 III. THE COMMON LAW OF TORTS......................162 IV. THE COSTS OF POLICE BRUTALITY.......................165 A. Direct, Current Costs.................. ................165 1. Costs to Victims .................. .................165 2. Broken Homes and Families..........................172 B. Indirect, Current Costs.................................174 1. Costs to States and Local Governments..............174 2. Costs to Communities...............................177 C. Indirect, Future Costs...................................181 1. Distrust ofLaw Enforcement..........................181 2. Lack of Trust in the Social Compact........... ..........183 3. The Cost to Law and Order...........................184 4. The Cost to our Reputation...........................188 5. Black Flight.................... ..................190 V. LEGAL & POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS ...................193 VI. CONCLUSION......................................... 201 .Associate Professor, Golden Gate University School of Law, J.D., NYU School of Law, A.B., Princeton University. A draft of this Article was first presented at the Lutie Lytle Black Women's Conference held at Iowa School of Law in July 2016, and I am grateful for the advice and suggestions given to me by participants of that conference. I would especially like to thank my research assistants, Khaleelah Ahmad and Katie Wilde for their invaluable contributions. I would also like to thank Judge Victor Hwang, Norm Stamper, and my colleagues at GGU School of Law and throughout the academy that offered written comments and feedback, including but not limited to, Professors Leslie Burton, Eric Christiansen, Helen Kang, Paul Kibel, Russell Robinson, Leslie Rose, and Mark Yates. Special thanks also to Ramey Barnett, and to GGU Law for the scholarship assistance needed to complete this project.