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53 St. Mary's L.J. 1055 (2021-2022)
Determinism v. Free Will & Genetic Evidence of Addiction in Plea Bargaining and Sentence Mitigation: Conversion of Incarceration to Probation and Rehabilitation Based on Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS) Test

handle is hein.journals/stmlj53 and id is 1052 raw text is: Blum et al.: Determinism v. Free Will & Genetic Evidence of Addiction in Plea Bargaining and Sentence Mitigation ARTICLE DETERMINISM V. FREE WILL & GENETIC EVIDENCE OF ADDICTION IN PLEA BARGAINING AND SENTENCE MITIGATION: CONVERSION OF INCARCERATION TO PROBATION AND REHABILITATION BASED ON GENETIC ADDICTION RISK SEVERITY (GARS) TEST KENNETH BLUM, PAUL M. MULLEN, & RICHARD GREEN* I. Introduction .........................................................................................1058 A. Nature vs. Nurture: Excuse or Explanation............................1059 B. The Gene Violence Debate in Modern Times........................1066 C. Genetic Imbalance Theory of Crime Causation .....................1070 D. Alcoholism and Addiction: Can Genetics Be Used as a Defense?........................................................................................1072 II. M ethods and M aterials .......................................................................1076 A. The Case........................................................................................1076 B. Sample Collection and Processing ............................................1076 Kenneth Blum, Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Exercise, Sports & Mental Health, Western University of the Health Sciences, Pomona CA, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel. Paul Mullen, The University of Southampton, Southampton, UK (LL.M., 2020); The University of Maine School of Law, Portland, ME (JD, 2019). Richard Green, Precision Translational Medicine, LLC., San Antonio, TX, USA. The authors also thank David Baron, Raymond Brewer, John B. Floyd, Thomas Simpatico, David Smith, and A. Kenison Roy III for their invaluable contributions to the research and writing of this article. 1055 Published by Digital Commons at St. Mary's University, 2022 1