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40 Rutgers L. Rev. 101 (1987-1988)
Facts, Expert Facts, and Statistics: Descriptive and Experimental Research Methods in Litigation

handle is hein.journals/rutlr40 and id is 111 raw text is: FACTS, EXPERT FACTS, AND STATISTICS*: DESCRIPTIVE AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH METHODS IN LITIGATION Neal Miller** CONTENTS*** I. INTRODUCTION ................................. 102 II. AN OVERVIEW OF LITIGATION METHODOLOGIES ..... 108 A. Descriptive Methodologies ................. 113 B. Experimental Methodologies ............... 119 1. Experimental Designs .................. 119 C. Quasi-Experimental Methodologies ......... 123 D. Other Quasi-Experimental Methodologies .. 123 1. Treatment Variable Manipulation ....... 123 2. Validation Studies ..................... 124 E. Mathematical Models in Litigation ......... 126 III. A SURVEY IS A STUDY IS AN EXPERIMENT IS ...... 136 A. Trademark Law .......................... 138 1. Non-Statistical Evidence ............... 139 2. Statistical Evidence: Psychological Tests. 140 a. Survey Evidence .................. 141 i. Sam ple ...................... 141 ii. Survey Locus ................ 143 iii. Survey Setting ............... 144 iv. Survey Bias .................. 144 3. Survey Content: The Legal Questions to be Answered .......................... 146 a. Testing Secondary Meaning: Associa- tion T ests ........................ 146 * Cf. the oft cited attribution to Benjamin Disraeli's (through Mark Twain) typology of lies: lies, damned lies and statistics. See, e.g., Griffin v. Board of Regents of Regency Universities, 795 F.2d 1281, 1289 (7th Cir. 1986). ** Attorney, Institute for Economic and Policy Studies, Alexandria, Virginia; Adjunct Faculty, Washington College of Law, The American University; B.A. (1962), Dickinson College; J.D. (1968) University of Pennsylvania Law School. *** This Article is presented in two parts; the first will deal with the use of statistical evidence in a civil setting, primarily in the area of trademark law, and the second, to be published in a forthcoming issue, in the context of criminal law.