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50 Mitchell Hamline L. Rev. 1 (2024)

handle is hein.journals/wmitch50 and id is 1 raw text is: THE CRIMINALIZATION OF MENTAL ILLNESS AND SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER: ADDRESSING THE VOID BETWEEN THE HEALTHCARE AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEMS Emily B. Egart I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................... 3 II. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND........................................5 A. Deinstitutionalization..........................................7 1. Colliding Sociopolitical Movements, Legislation, and Jurisprudence............................................. 9 2. The Aftermath of Deinstitutionalization.....12 B. The War on Drugs................................................13 III. CASE HISTORY: THE QUESTION OF STATUS VS. CONDUCT .........................................................................14 A. Robinson v. California .........................................14 B. Powell v. Texas.....................................................15 C. Manning v. Caldwell.............................................17 IV. CURRENT PROBLEMS................................................ 19 A. Universally Interwoven Factors Inhibit Appropriate Care.......................................................19 1. Comorbidity and Co-occurring Mental Illness and Substance Use Disorder .................................19 2. Systemic Stigmas Surrounding Mental Illness and Substance Use Disorder ............................. 21 B. Trans-institutionalization ...................................23 C. The System's Response to Mental Health Crises 24 D. The Privatization of Mental Health Care and Medicaid Restrictions................................................26 E. Involuntary Civil Commitment and Treatment Compliance ................................................................29 F. Access to Treatment and Care Within the Criminal Justice System............................................................32 1. The Siloed Approach to Drug, Alcohol, and Mental Health Courts............................................35 V. CURRENT AND POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS ..................... 36