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91 U. Cin. L. Rev. 1 (2022-2023)

handle is hein.journals/ucinlr91 and id is 1 raw text is: RACECRAFT AND IDENTITY IN THE EMERGENCE OF ISLAM AS A RACE Cyra Akila Choudhury* INTRODUCTION.................................................................................... 3 I: THE MYTH OF RACE AND REALITY OF FLUID RACIAL IDEN TITIES .......................................................................... 6 The M yth of R ace........................................................................6 Fluid Identities and Multiple Subordinations............................10 Muslim/Islamicized Identities as Cosynthetic Identities.............15 II. A GENEALOGY OF ISLAM-AS- R ACE........ . ................. ........................18 Thread 1: Connecting Black Islam from Slavery to Anti- Islam Immigration Laws and the Civil Rights Movement.....................................................................18 Black Islam/Islam as Blackness and the Construction of Racial Difference...............................................20 Muslim Immigration in the early to mid-1900s: Between the Racial Binary in the Courts.......................24 Civil Rights and the Re-emergence of Islam.............28 Thread 2: Mid-Century American Orientalism and A lienating Islam ..................................................................32 American Orientalism and Social Constructions of Muslims.................................................................33 The West and the Rest: An Alien Despotic Islam as Judeo-Christian Democracy's Other.....................35 Thread 3: Combatting Terrorism with Racism: Islam-as- Race and the Visible Muslim...................................................................40 From the Oklahoma City Bombing to the Present: Protecting the Homeland..............................................40 Defending Against Creeping Sharia and Civilizational Jihad.................................................44 Muslim Assimilation When Islam is the Problem... ......48 Interlude: Braiding the Strands from Islam-as-Race to Islamophobia-as Racism ....................................... 50 * Professor of Law, Florida International University (FIU) College of Law. For comments on earlier drafts, my thanks to Saru Matambanadzo and the faculty of Tulane Law School, Sujith Xavier and the University of Windsor Faculty of Law, the FIU College of Law for continued research support, and my research assistant Sarika Laljie for her help over two years. Finally, many thanks to Ben Hamlin, who listened to various iterations of this research and provided valuable insights. 1