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16 Seattle J. Tech. Env't & Innovation L. 1 (2026)

handle is hein.journals/sjel16 and id is 1 raw text is: Weather as a Weapon of War: The Legality of Cloud Seeding under International Humanitarian Law Dr. Fatemah Albader* TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION II. CLOUD SEEDING: FROM ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT TO A MEANS OF WARFARE III. THE LEGALITY OF CLOUD SEEDING UNDER INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW A. The Environmental Modification Convention B. Evaluating Cloud Seeding under International Humanitarian Law: Distinction, Proportionality, and Environmental Safeguards i. The Principle of Distinction ii. The Principle of Proportionality iii. Protection of the Environment IV. STRENGTHENING INTERNATIONAL REGULATION OF WEATHER MODIFICATION IN ARMED CONFLICT A. Reclassifying Environmental Modification as a War Crime B. Developing a New Treaty to Address Gaps in ENMOD C. Strengthening ENMOD through Amendments D. Broadening the Scope ofInternational Humanitarian Law V. CONCLUSION * Head ofthe Public International Law Department and Associate Professor ofInternational Law Kuwait International Law School 1