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21 Loy. Mar. L.J. 1 (2021-2022)

handle is hein.journals/loymarlj21 and id is 1 raw text is: Loyola Maritime Law Journal PUNITIVE DAMAGES IN MARITIME BEFORE AND IN THE WAKE OF BATTERTON THE FUTURE - A QUIXOTIC QUEST FOR A LEGAL UNICORN? - PART 1 OF 2+ By: Arthur A. Crais, Jr.* I . In tro d u c tio n ............................................................................................................................2 A. The Rise of Punitive Damages Under General Maritime Law in the Twentieth Century...3 B. The Fall of Punitive Damages Under General Maritime Law in the Twentieth Century ...6 II. W hat C ontrols Statutory or D ecisional Law ?.........................................................................8 A. Moragne v. States Marine Lines, Inc. and Sealand Services, Inc. v. Gaudet..................8 B. Mobil Oil Corp. v. Higginbotham and Miles v. Apex Marine Corporation ......................10 III. The Resurrection of Punitive Damages ................................................................................13 A. Exxon Shipping Co. v. Baker .............................................................................................13 B. Atlantic Sounding Co. v. Townsend IV. The Nail in the Coffin? A. Dutra Group v. Batterton V. Punitive Damages in Maritime Law - Pending Issues Left Unresolved A. What is the standard for gross negligence? B. What is the standard to impute gross negligence to the employer or principle? C. Punitive Damages for Personal Injury and Death - Status and Location 1. Seamen v. Third Parties - Personal Injury and Death Claims 2. Application of State Law to Punitive Damage Claims in Territorial Waters 3. Personal Injury and Death Claims on the High Seas D. Is there a standard for excessive punitive damages? E. Punitive Damages for Other Claims 1. Marine Pollution 2. Punitive Damages for Damage to Property other than Pollution 3. Breach of Contract Claims VI. Conclusion - The Future of Punitive Damages - A Quixotic Quest for A Legal Unicorn? + Editor's Note: This essay is part one of a two part work. Part one is an introduction to the Essay. Part two will include all bold face sections of the Table of Contents and shall appear in the Loyola Maritime Law Journal Summer 2022 Edition. * Legal Counsel, Shell Oil Co. (Retired); Adjunct Professor of Admiralty and Maritime Law, Loyola University New Orleans College of Law. 1 VOLUME 21 WINTER 2021