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40 J. Quantitative Criminology 1 (2024)

handle is hein.journals/jquantc40 and id is 1 raw text is: Journal of Quantitative Criminology (2024) 40:1-32 https://doi.org/10.1007/si0940-022-09560-x ORIGINAL PAPER Accounting for Socio-Economic Context in Quantifying the Attractive and Repellent Influence of Built Environment on Firearms Violence in Multiple Cities Luke Muggy1 - Max Griswold' - Florentine Eloundou Nekoul' - Sean McKenna'. Rosanna Smart1 - Priscillia Hunt2 Accepted: 20 September 2022 /Published online: 3 October 2022 © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2022 Abstract Objectives The objective of this paper is to improve understanding of the spatial relation- ship of the built environment (BE) with urban gun crime and how the influence of environ- mental features varies across geographic location and socioeconomic context. Specifically, we analyze associations between incidents of reported firearms violence and distance to built environment features, accounting for neighborhood socio-economic status. Methods This study compares reported crime data with the outputs from a Monte Carlo Simulation using the Network Cross-K Function for Stochastic Spatial Events on street net- works. Where data is available, we examine ten features-transit stations, universities/col- leges, convenience stores, gas stations, liquor licenses, alcohol outlets, tobacco retailers, lodging, restaurants, and schools-across diverse metropolitan areas to uncover features that exert attractive or repellent influence on firearms violence. We present results from four U.S. cities and examine how results vary by socio-economic status of census tracts. Results Attractive features include tobacco retailers in Pittsburgh, hotels/motels, alco- hol outlets, and restaurants in New Orleans, and rail transit stations in Los Angeles. We uncover localized attractive and repellent relationships within the lowest and highest socio- economic areas. We also identify several firearms crime repellents, including universities/ colleges and public/private schools. Conclusions We find that attractors vary by city and socio-economic status, indicating that the unique underlying environmental context of each city facilitates firearms crime differently. Keywords Firearms violence - Built environment - Geospatial analysis - Hot spot- Network location E Luke Muggy lmuggy@rand.org RAND Corporation, 1776 Main St., Santa Monica, CA 90401, USA 2 Amazon.com Inc, Seattle, WA, USA Springer