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47 Mitchell Hamline L. J. Pub. Pol'y & Prac. 1 (2026)

handle is hein.journals/hplp47 and id is 1 raw text is: AN ORIGINALIST INTERPRETATION OF ARTICLE III PERMITS AND FAVORS BIVENS ACTIONS AS A RECOGNITION OF THE INTRINSIC CONNECTIONBETWEENRIGHTS AND REMEDIES Shrivathsan Margam S I. ABSTRACT 2 II. INTRODUCTION 2 III. THE HISTORICAL UNDERSTANDING OF REMEDIES 5 A. The Connection Between Rights and Remedies at English Common Law......................................... 5 B. The Understanding of Rights and Remedies at Early and Contemporary American Law ................... 7 IV. MODERN IMPLIED CONSTITUTIONAL CAUSES OF ACTION 9 A. Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics ...................................... 9 B. The Constitution-Statute Distinction for Implied Causes of Action.................................................. 10 C. The Uniformity Principle and the Problem with State Law Remedies ............................................. 12 V. THE ORIGINALIST ARGUMENT FOR THE BIVENS DOCTRINE 14 A. The Original Methods Variant of Original Public Meaning is the Appropriate Technique for Constitutional Interpretation ....................................................................................................................... 14 B. Article III's Text Permits the Practice of Inferring Implied Constitutional Causes of Action............. 16 C. Addressing the Common Law Critique in Hernandez v. Mesa....................................................... 20 D. Addressing the Separation of Powers Question and Distinguishing the Constitution from Federal Statutes ...................................................................................................................................................... 22 VI. CONCLUSION 24