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47 Crime L. & Soc. Change 1 (2007)

handle is hein.journals/crmlsc47 and id is 1 raw text is: Crime Law Soc Change (2007) 47:1-31 DOI 10.1007/s10611-007-9055-7 An analysis of the implementation of laws with regard to female genital mutilation in Europe Els Leye - Jessika Deblonde - Jose Garcia-An6n- Sara Johnsdotter - Adwoa Kwateng-Kluvitse- Linda Weil-Curiel - Marleen Temmerman Published online: 4 April 2007 O Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2007 Abstract This paper presents results of a survey on legislation regarding female genital mutilation in 15 European member states, as well as the results of a comparative analysis of the implementation of these laws in Belgium, France, Spain, Sweden and the UK. The research showed that although both criminal laws and child protection laws are implemented a number of difficulties with the implementation of these laws remain. The article suggests that efforts should primarily focus on child protection measures, but also on developing implementation strategies for criminal laws, and concludes with suggestions to overcome the obstructing factors to implement laws applicable to FGM in Europe. Introduction The terms most widely used are female genital mutilation (FGM) and female circumcision. A wide range of stakeholders has used female genital mutilation because they believe it acknowledges the damage caused by the practice. The term FGM E. Leye (E) - J. Deblonde - M. Temmerman International Centre for Reproductive Health, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185 P3, Ghent, Oost-Vlaanderen 9000, Belgium e-mail: els.leye@ugent.be J. Garcia-Afi6n Human Rights Institute of the University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain S. Johnsdotter Department of Sociology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden A. Kwateng-Kluvitse Foundation for Women's Health, Research and Development (FORWARD), London, UK L. Weil-Curiel Commision pour l'Abolition des Mutilations Sexuelles (CAMS), Paris, France ' Springer