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27 Berkeley La Raza L.J. 1 (2017)

handle is hein.journals/berklarlj27 and id is 1 raw text is: ELUSIVE JUSTICE: LEGAL REDRESS FOR KILLINGS BY U.S. BORDER AGENTS Roxanna Altholz* ABSTRACT Since the 1990s, U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) agents have killed approximately fifty Mexican and U.S. nationals along the U.S.-Mexico border. Many of the victims, including several teenagers, were unarmed and shot in the back. The vast majority of CBP agents have faced no criminal, civil, or disciplinary action for their conduct. This Article identifies U.S. legal doctrines, defenses, and procedures that make justice elusive for the relatives of victims. The Article argues that there is mounting legal and political pressure to hold CBP agents accountable for violence at the border and suggests that reformists look to international standards to help guide efforts to address systemic barriers to redress. To date, no civil plaintiff has prevailed at trial in a case involving a CBP killing. Courts have dismissed most federal civil claims for lack ofjurisdiction or after finding the U.S. government or CBP agent has immunity. Federal legislation, specifically the Westfall Act, effectively bars state-law tort claims in this context. As for criminal charges, federal prosecutors have declined to bring charges in all cases but one and the few state prosecutions have rarely resulted in a guilty verdict. There is, however, mounting legal and political pressure to hold CBP agents accountable for border killings. In 2017, the U.S. Supreme Court is expected to decide whether the U.S. Constitution protects foreign nationals killed in foreign territory by CBP agents. The U.S. Department of Justice recently brought criminal charges against a CBP agent for a border killing for the first time in the CBP's nearly 100- year history. The Mexican government is also investigating multiple deaths and issued an arrest warrant for a CBP agent who killed an unarmed Mexican teenager. In addition, international human rights bodies have denounced the United States for use of excessive force and the failure to track or adequately investigate border deaths. This Article discusses doctrines and defenses such as sovereign and qualified immunity, extraterritoriality, and the WestfallAct that have led to the dismissal ofcivil suits and the closing of criminal investigations without pursuing charges. But legal doctrines do not alone explain the lack of accountability institutional policies and practices also play a critical role. This Article argues that international human rights standards reveal how far U.S. law enforcement has strayed from global standards in preventing the excessive use offorce and serves as a guide to identify and address the systemic barriers to redress faced by victims'families. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15779/Z383N20D3F *. Roxanna Altholz is an Acting Clinical Professor and Associate Director, International Human Rights Law Clinic, University of California, Berkeley, School of Law. The author is grateful for the research and editorial assistance of Yasmin Emrani, an associate at Proskauer Rose LLP and a graduate of Berkeley Law. 1. Hernandez v. Mesa, 137 S. Ct. 291 (2016) (granting certiorari).