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1 1 (January 15, 2025)

handle is hein.crs/govescm0001 and id is 1 raw text is: Congressional ~ s esearcih Service Russia's War Against Ukraine: European Union Responses and U.S.-EU Relations Updated January 15, 2025 The 27-member European Union (EU) has implemented various policy responses to Russia's war against Ukraine. EU actions and coordination with the United States may be of interest to Congress given the EU's role as a U.S. partner on Ukraine. (Also see CRS In Focus IF12277, Russia's War Against Ukraine: US. Policy and the Role of Congress.) Key EU Responses Sanctions Since February 2022, the EU has imposed 15 packages of sanctions-or restrictive measures-intended to reduce Russia's ability to finance the war against Ukraine, to enact costs on Russia's elites, and to diminish Russia's economic base. Imposing sanctions requires unanimity among EU members. To date, EU sanctions on Russia's government and financial, business, defense, technology, and media sectors include * Freezing assets of roughly 2,400 individuals and entities (travel bans also apply to designated individuals); * Restricting transactions with Russia's central bank and blocking access to its reserve holdings; * Expanding lending and investment restrictions on certain Russian banks and companies; * Banning transactions with certain Russian state-owned military-industrial enterprises; * Disconnecting 10 leading Russian financial institutions-including Sberbank, Russia's largest bank-from SWIFT (the world's dominant international financial messaging system); * Expanding export controls on dual-use goods and technologies to Russia and selected entities in China, India, Kazakhstan, and elsewhere supporting Russia's military- industrial complex; Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov IN11897