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1 1 (January 7, 2008)

handle is hein.crs/crsahnv0001 and id is 1 raw text is: Order Code RS20821 Updated January 7, 2008 Direct Assaults Against Presidents, Presidents-Elect, and Candidates Frederick M. Kaiser Specialist in American National Government Government and Finance Division Summary Direct assaults against Presidents, Presidents-elect, and candidates have occurred on 15 separate occasions, with five resulting in death. Ten incumbents (about 24% of the 42 individuals to serve in the office), including four of the past six Presidents, have been victims or targets. Four of the ten (and one candidate) died as a result of the attacks. This report identifies these incidents and provides information about what happened, when, where, and, if known, why. The report will be updated and revised if developments require. Concerns about the safety of Presidents have existed throughout the history of the Republic, beginning with George Washington in 1794, when he led troops against the Whiskey Rebellion in Pennsylvania.1 The intervening years have witnessed a variety of 1 For background information and citations, see U.S. Congress, House Select Conmmittee on Assassinations, Report: Findings and Recommendations, H.Rept. 95-1828, Part 2, 95th Cong., 2 d sess. (Washington: GPO, 1979); U.S. Department of the Treasury, Background Information on the White House Security Review (Washington: Department of the Treasury, 1995), pp. 5 1-101; U.S. National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence, FinalReport (Washington: GPO, 1969), pp. 122-124; James E. Kirkham, et al., Assassination and Political Violence: A Report to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence (Washington: GPO, 1969), p. 22; U.S. President's Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Report (Washington; GPO, 1964), pp. 504-515; James W. Clarke, AmericanAssassins: The Darker Side of Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982); Frederick M. Kaiser, Presidential Assassinations and Assaults: Characteristics and Impact on Protective Procedures, Presidential Studies Quarterly, vol. 11, Fall 1981, pp. 545-558, and Origins of Secret Service Protection of the President: Personal, Interagency, and Institutional Conflict, Presidential Studies Quarterly, vol. 18, Winter 1988, pp. 101-128; Philip H. Melanson, The Secret Service (New York: Carroll and Graf, 2002); Facts on File Yearbook, 1994, p. 877, and 1995, p. 361; Police Shoot Man Near White House, Washington Post, February 8, 2001, pp. Al, A10; extensive press coverage of the terrorist attacks on the Pentagon and World Trade Center, along with the possible targeting of the White House or Capitol, on September 11,2001, including U.S. News and World Report, Special Report, September 14, 2001, pp. 17-27, and Newsweek, Extra (continued...)