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1 1 (October 15, 2021)

handle is hein.amenin/aeiaedc0001 and id is 1 raw text is: Real-World Assessrnents of COVI D-1 9 Vaccine Efficacy Ay james U. Caprre, SCott Caniz, anoC Kkeran Attno 'u~tXber ztz ,'ver the past year, the global c'K:a i 5C inat0in (apai;9n tI: end the LOV/i~9 pI anldernl:C has prC> gressed ro: tests of vacCin Ott:CaCy O over Six binter: (;.nd counting) administered doses. igh:y sirn ured c in ia tr is a itated isrong 5a:is:Ca exam:inatons or the v.acc iC n ' s ben au: randoirnaon accouns .ra unobserved confounders that coud ias the analysis. Post-ap provaI assessment have inmitiations becasehey r:my on d a. rm eWs strudued, c ea :-world so tsdin;. weveral post-pprva ude snow the exting m RNA vac ines Iii unh in iy in ahe S fc'1tivelye prvet as pJr'edited, the worst outcomes cof (_OVID-19 , whilthe vacc+ inelany o:er' .ounies u:e are ies ef`ective iL inva...lu i. ab in tn the pndemic. n observed ers_ in vacn ficc hsy alae to t cliic tatso 2020, mayJ be a3 _unti of he newO . var ints of he vis, waning a quired i munty against rect ion over me, or other actrs,su as tie hher inciderne o prior infections in Unv oua the tndn .r .andn errcor (suc.:h as is: S-posI:% C 'VI i9 liest) t: o attenuate roea s l red effi- Cacy rates, iak n .r *.qogtter, th' studies rnake it plin tha:t vt':CCinraitirng 'lE ltih unvaCcilated vith any bte globally approved va c :nes, rernins the most n portait: st p for lessen inn the pm- Govcrncars worldwide have adrinstered over six billion COVIDa9 vaccies sinc late 2020 (Our World in Data aozin, using inoculations OeveiOpeCd by both Western coimpaies and stamt-d rcted nnterpriscs in othcr parts of thc world. in clinical trials, somc of thre vacchs performed better than others dint an preventing sy mptomatic infection, it F'rearuvins an opeN qun whe thmer poputi :Ois wmih arccss t0 thn bnst-prrm nncnes ejy a meacningful advantage in addressing the crisis. Poalicymaners must ConsEitiC to monitor tie: per-- formance of the vaccines to be prepared to, adjust thcir opcrattonral plans. ilmwever, intnrpreting the dama is nior/ nthailEngin.g whn t is obtained from rcat-world settings than from a clinical trial because than is not a wnll-dtntmed control griip against w'htii accintOion can be assesscl. in clinical trials, random assignment to thie tratment and non- trcatmnsct a rms allows for gotat-smoisind stamistical assessnnts of efficacy. 1n thn rcal world, imowcvcr, statistical tonunmlders risk distortig pstrmatns of vLaIne El ' fis cCacy and 10w efficacy differs among vaccies and over time. Recenntly, numcrous studVIs have looŁ.d into the vaccines' _rie pCrfrmranccs, tocussng 1on icas- uit' thieir e lcacy' against cn ncv varants of the