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1 1 (February 8, 2021)

handle is hein.amenin/aeiadsj0001 and id is 1 raw text is: Key Points t eray-zone aggression als ciace in the gray zone between war and peace ani is used to weaken another country usino means short of war. Using it is aciva ntageous to the attacker, as i nnvoiyes far snaler risks and expenses than armed aggression does, and to date resuits in scant punishment. * Russia and China are today's main practitioners of gray-zone aggression against the West, each using a different cn bina ion of meanCs aggr-ssion. Because gray-zone aggression exp its open soc: es' vulnerabilities, any country can use the opportunity and can create new means of a gmssion. e As it Uoes not involve the sustained use of deterrence must include aIl parts o` society. force and targets c'v' soca-ty, defense and This report, adapted from the forthconing hook The Dcendcrs Dfecoa, discusses the nature of gray-zone aggression and offers policy proposals on how to deter it. Although gray--zone aggression is not new, it is coming into increasing use due to two converging trends: Armed confl it as a tool to settle affairs between countries is declhing in the industrialized world, but countes are not mtanaging to coexist peaceiAlly. That me ans countries use tools m tie gray zone between war and peace to weaken their a deisaries while strengthening their own posi- tions. These tools can be both legal and illegal. Whie liberal denocracis are more open tian authoritarian ones are and more constrained by laws, tules, cAl standards, and scrutiny by ie voting pubc, they are at a disadvantage visa- their authorit'aria rivals. That leaves liberal democ-- racies dangerously exposeId to gray-zone aggressiona, as demonstrated ,y incidents in late 2020 such as the Rtssian Sol aWiads yb ertaonk that engulfed significant parts of the US government and China's punitive tariff'. n'n Austroain wne. A second report, also adaptd rom the book, wit; outline a strategy for defense aga inst, and deter- rence of, gray-zone threats. The policy proposals will include * Strengthe ning citizen resilience through voluntary resilience training, o Strengthening private-sector resilience hrougli joned armed forces-indnstry gray-zone deense exercises, and SImplementing asymmetric retaliation. West- eir governInents must on occasion retali- ate against gray-zone attacks but cannot, and should not, respond to gray-zone attacks ANINVOR'- \ SA