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Case Citations [i] (Fall 2025)

handle is hein.ali/rethtort0013 and id is 1 raw text is: THE AMERICAN LAW INSTITUTE Fall 2025 Citations TORTS 3D: INTENTIONAL TORTS TO PERSONS (DRAFTS) Chapter 1. Definitions of Intentional Torts to Persons; Transferred Intent § 8. False Imprisonment: What Constitutes a Confinement C.A.9, 2024. Rptr's Note quot. in sup. (T.D. No. 3, 2018). Protestors filed a § 1983 class action against city and police department, alleging, inter alia, that police offers' use of chemical irritants in dispersing protestors during a political protest violated plaintiffs' Fourth Amendment rights against unreasonable searches and seizures. The district court granted in part defendants' motion for summary judgment, declining to determine the issue of whether the use of force in connection with the deployment of chemical agents involved a seizure within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment. This court affirmed in part and remanded, holding that an objective intent to restrain for Fourth Amendment purposes referred to measures that objectively aimed to detain a person. The court cited Restatement Third of Torts: Intentional Torts to Persons § 8 in noting that the exclusion from a place, even if wrongful, did not generally constitute confinement. Puente v. City of Phoenix, 123 F.4th 1035, 1052. COPYRIGHT C2025 By THE AMERICAN LAW INSTITUTE All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America For earlier citations, see the Appendices, Supplements, or Pocket Parts, if any, that correspond to the subject matter under examination.