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Original comments on the substance of the article. [1] (1943)

handle is hein.ali/hrbor605502 and id is 1 raw text is: ARTICLE FREEDOMu OF EXPRESS!O (1) Every individual has the right freely to express his thoughts orally, in w-iting, through the press, the radio, the film, pic- torial representation and similar means. (2) In order that this right may be effective, the State shall have the duty to make only general reasonable and equitable re- quirements for the exercise of a trade or occupation which serves the expression or communication of ideas; to permit truthful reports of the public proceedings of public bodies; and to admit truth as an excuse in judicial proceedings dealing, 1ith public defamation of public persons. Scope Note: This Article guarantees freedom of expression by the various means of comyounication in Section (1), and estzblishes certain duties of the States, partly in general lan~uage, partly by specifying two minimum duties in Section (2). Language siiilar to the one of Section (1) can be found in the constitutions of a number of countries. The provisions of Section (2) are usually contained only in ordinary legislation and not in constitutions; they are included here because of their supreme importance. The application of this Art'cle must be in accordance with the general equality-clause. Apart from the restrictions which are imolied in the first half of Section (2), also other limitations not contrary to the spirit of this Article are permissible. in- citement to crime and acts which create a clear and immediate danger Measures may also be taken for the protection of youth. to public peace may be punished./The right may not be made use of either contrary to unfair competition, copyright, patent, libel law. (Should some of the last sentences better go into the text? Shall vilification of the