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118 Harv. L. Rev. 2047 (2004-2005)

handle is hein.journals/hlr118 and id is 2073 raw text is: VOLUME 118 MAY 2005 NUMBER 7 HARVARD LAW REVIEW ARTICLE CONGRESSIONAL AUTHORIZATION AND THE WAR ON TERRORISM Curtis A. Bradley and Jack L. Goldsmith TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................2048 II. Two MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT THE AUMF..................................................................2056 A. War Declarations and Force Authorizations...................................................................2057 B. Is This a 'Real War? ........................................................................................................2o66 III. THE AUMF IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ...................................................................2072 A. Historical Comparison of Authorizations To Use Force ................................................ 2072 B. The September 18, 200! AUMF ....................................................................................... 2078 IV. ADDITIONAL INTERPRETIVE FACTORS RELEVANT TO C ON STRUIN G TH E AU M F .................................................................................................2083 A. E xecutive Branch Practice ......................................................................................... 2085 B. The AUMF and the International Laws of War......................................................... 2088 i. The Laws of War as a Source of Authorized Powers ................................................2091 2. The Laws of War as a Limitation on Authorized Powers.........................................2094 3. The Laws of War as a Prohibition on Presidential Action..................2o96 C. The President's Independent Constitutional Authority.................................................2100 D . Clear Statement Requirem ents...................................................................................... 2102 V. APPLICATIONS TO THE WAR ON TERRORISM .................................................................2107 A. Who Is the Enemy Under the AUMF? ............................................................................. 2107 1. Which Terrorist Organizations Are Covered by the AUMF? ..................................2109 2. Requisite Association with Terrorist Organizations..................................................2113 B. Location of the Battlefield and Length of Detention .....................................................2117 1. Location of the Battlefield............................................................................................2117 2. L ength of D etention .......................................................................... .........................21 23 C. Military Commissions ....................................................................................................... 2127 V I. C O N C L U SIO N ........................................................................................................................2133 2047