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26 San Diego L. Rev. 289 (1989)
Offers, Threats, and Unconstitutional Conditions

handle is hein.journals/sanlr26 and id is 301 raw text is: Offers, Threats, and Unconstitutional Conditions KENNETH W. SIMONS* I. AN EXAMPLE, AND A PRECIS OF THE THESIS ............................ 290 II. WHEN Do UNCONSTITUTIONAL CONDITIONS AND GREATER INCLUDES THE LESSER ARGUMENTS REALLY MATTER? ............................... 292 A. The Unconstitutional Conditions Argument ........................ 294 1. Equality Principles ......................................... 295 2. Nonequality Principles ...................................... 296 a. Impermissible Deterrent Effect on a Right ............... 296 b. Impermissible Government Motive ...................... 296 c. Inconsistent with the Relevant Constitutional Values ...... 297 B. The Greater Includes the Lesser Argument ...................... 299 1. Equality Principles ......................................... 300 2. Nonequality Principles ...................................... 300 a. Impermissible Deterrent Effect on a Right ............... 300 b. Impermissible M otive ................................. 301 c. Inconsistent with the Relevant Constitutional Values ...... 301 C. Distinguishing Three Concepts ................................... 301 1. Waiver and Consent ........................................ 301 2. Coercion ................................................... 302 3. Refusal to Subsidize ....................................... 302 III. THE THREAT/OFFER DISTINCTION, AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE ................. 304 A. Unpacking the Threat/Offer Example ............................. 304 B. The Significance of the Threat/Offer Distinction .................... 308 C. The Hypothetical Descriptive Baseline ............................ 311 IV. APPLICATION TO GOVERNMENT BENEFIT PROGRAMS ...................... 317 V. CONCLUSION ....................................................... 324 * Professor of Law, Boston University School of Law. © Copyright 1989. All rights reserved. Lawrence Sager and Robert Bone were extremely generous with their time and thoughts. I also thank Jack Beermann, Joseph Brodley, Clayton Gillette, Stephen Marks, David Seipp, Aviam Soifer, and participants in the Boston University Faculty Workshop for helpful comments.