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102 Harv. L. Rev. 4 (1988-1989)
Foreword: Unconstitutional Conditions, State Power, and the Limits of Consent

handle is hein.journals/hlr102 and id is 22 raw text is: THE SUPREME COURT 1987 TERM FOREWORD: UNCONSTITUTIONAL CONDITIONS, STATE POWER, AND THE LIMITS OF CONSENT Richard A. Epstein TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................... 5 A. A Ubiquitous Problem ................................................. 5 B. The Plan of Action .................................................... 14 II. THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ............................................ 15 A. Private Transactions .................................................. 16 i. Perfect Competition ................................................ x6 z. M onopoly ......................................................... 16 3. Collective Action Problems .......................................... I9 4. Externalities ...................................................... 21 B. The Political Context .................................................. 21 C. Citizen M isconduct ................................................... 25 D. Judicial Implementation of the Unconstitutional Conditions Doctrine ....... 26 i. First Principles .................................................... 26 2. Second Best ..................................... ................. 28 I. THE STATE INCORPORATION POWER ........................................ 28 A. Nineteenth-Century Special Charters .................................... 28 B. Foreign Incorporation ................................................. 31 C. Overriding the Nondiscrimination Rule .................................. 38 IV. TAXING, SPENDING, AND FEDERALISM ..................................... 40 V. PUBLIC ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ............................................ 47 A. Economic Regulation and Frost Trucking ................................ 47 B. Freedom of Speech and the Highways: Lakewood ........................ 54 VI. THE POLICE POWER ...................................................... 58 A . Land Use ............................................................ 6o B. Commercial Speech and the Morals Head of the Police Power .............. 64 VII. EMPLOYMENT CASES ...................................................... 67 VIII. GOVERNMENT BENEFITS .................................................. 73 A. Tax Exemptions and Freedom of Speech ................................. 74 B. The Religion Cases .................................................... 79 C. Medicaid Benefits and Abortions ....................................... 89 D. Tax Exemptions, Free Exercise, and the Antidiscrimination Principle ....... 94 E. Food Stamps ......................................................... 96 IX . CONCLUSION ............................................................. 102