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27 N.C.J. Int'l L. & Com. Reg. 141 (2001-2002)
Seeking Justice for Comfort Women: Without an International Criminal Court, Suits Brought by World War II Sex Slaves of the Japenese Army May Find Their Best Hope of Success in U.S. Federal Courts

handle is hein.journals/ncjint27 and id is 149 raw text is: Seeking Justice for Comfort Women: Without an International Criminal Court, Suits Brought by World War II Sex Slaves of the Japanese Army May Find Their Best Hope of Success in U.S. Federal Courts I. Introduction ....................................................................................... 142 II. B ackground ....................................................................................... 148 A. Implementation of the Ianfu System ....................................... 148 B. Why No Suits Were Filed Until the 1990s .............................. 151 C. Official Japanese Responses ................................................... 155 D. Responses from International Organizations .......................... 157 III. A nalysis ............................................................................................ 160 A. Results to Date in Japanese Courts ......................................... 160 B. Reactions to Date in International Forums .............................. 164 1. U.N. Finds That Japan's Military Sex Slave Activities Violated International Law ................................... 164 2. Impact of the ICTY's and ICTR's Recent Holdings on Wartime Rape as a Violation of International Law .................................................................. 169 3. Effect of Installation of the ICC ........................................ 170 C. Results to Date in U .S. Courts ................................................. 172 IV . C onclusion ....................................................................................... 18 1 The comfort system consisted of the legalized military rape of subject women on a scale-and over a period of time- previously unknown in history.' - GEORGE HICKS, THE COMFORT WOMEN Many have asked me whether I am still angry with the Japanese. Maybe it helped that I have faith. I . . . learned to accept suffering. I also learned to forgive .... Half a century had 1 GEORGE HICKS, THE COMFORT WOMEN: SEX SLAVES OF THE JAPANESE IMPERIAL FORCES XV (1995); see also DAVID ANDREW SCHMIDT, IANFu-THE COMFORT WOMEN OF THE JAPANESE IMPERIAL ARMY OF THE PACIFIC WAR: BROKEN SILENCE 21 (2000) (calling Japan's comfort stations one of the largest systems of state-sponsored rape and sexual enslavement in history).